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PET is both a medical and research tool used in pre-clinical and clinical settings. It is used heavily in the imaging of tumors and the search for metastases within the field of clinical oncology, and for the clinical diagnosis of certain diffuse brain diseases such as those causing various types of dementias. PET is a valuable research tool to learn and enhance our knowledge of the normal human brain, heart function, and support drug development. PET is also used in pre-clinical studies using animals. It allows repeated investigations into the same subjects over time, where subjects can act as their own control and substantially reduces the numbers of animals required for a given study. This approach allows research studies to reduce the sample size needed while increasing the statistical quality of its results.

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Gowrishankar G, Namavari M, Jouannot EB, Hoehne A, Reeves R, Hardy J, Gambhir SS (2014). "Investigation of 6-[ 18F]-fluoromaltose as a novel PET tracer for imaging bacterial infection". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e107951. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j7951G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107951. PMC 4171493. PMID 25243851.The use of positron-emitting isotopes of metals in PET scans has been reviewed, including elements not listed above, such as lanthanides. [48] Immuno-PET [ edit ]

Positron emission tomography | Radiology Reference Article Positron emission tomography | Radiology Reference Article

With some procedures, the technologist may place a catheter into your bladder. This may cause temporary discomfort. Because the half-life of fluorine-18 is about two hours, the prepared dose of a radiopharmaceutical bearing this radionuclide will undergo multiple half-lives of decay during the working day. This necessitates frequent recalibration of the remaining dose (determination of activity per unit volume) and careful planning with respect to patient scheduling. reconstruction: Early PET scanners had only a single ring of detectors, hence the acquisition of data and subsequent reconstruction was restricted to a single transverse plane. More modern scanners now include multiple rings, essentially forming a cylinder of detectors. In cases of fusion imaging such as PET-CT, the whole-body CT scan is conducted first, followed by the whole-body PET scan, and subsequently the two sets of images are co-registered.Cardiology, atherosclerosis and vascular disease study: 18F-FDG PET can help in identifying hibernating myocardium. However, the cost-effectiveness of PET for this role versus SPECT is unclear. 18F-FDG PET imaging of atherosclerosis to detect patients at risk of stroke is also feasible. Also, it can help test the efficacy of novel anti-atherosclerosis therapies. [31] Infectious diseases [ edit ] They can also help diagnose some conditions that affect the normal workings of the brain, such as dementia. How PET scans work

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PET is a common imaging technique, a medical scintillography technique used in nuclear medicine. A radiopharmaceutical — a radioisotope attached to a drug — is injected into the body as a tracer. When the radiopharmaceutical undergoes beta plus decay, a positron is emitted, and when the positron interacts with an ordinary electron, the two particles annihilate and gamma rays are emitted. [2] These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to form a three-dimensional image, in a similar way that an X-ray image is captured. [ citation needed] The images can clearly show the part of the body being investigated, including any abnormal areas, and can highlight how well certain functions of the body are working. A PET scan is usually an outpatient procedure. Typically, the person should not consume any food for at least 4-6 hours before the scan, but they should drink plenty of water. They may have to avoid caffeine for at least 24 hours before the scan.

What happens during the scan

The radiologist injects this radiotracer into the person’s body, where it travels to cells that use glucose for energy. The more energy a group of cells needs, the more the radiotracer will build up in that location. This will show up on images that a computer reconstructs. A typical dose of FDG used in an oncological scan has an effective radiation dose of 7.6 mSv. [4] Because the hydroxy group that is replaced by fluorine-18 to generate FDG is required for the next step in glucose metabolism in all cells, no further reactions occur in FDG. Furthermore, most tissues (with the notable exception of liver and kidneys) cannot remove the phosphate added by hexokinase. This means that FDG is trapped in any cell that takes it up until it decays, since phosphorylated sugars, due to their ionic charge, cannot exit from the cell. This results in intense radiolabeling of tissues with high glucose uptake, such as the normal brain, liver, kidneys, and most cancers, which have a higher glucose uptake than most normal tissue due to the Warburg effect. As a result, FDG-PET can be used for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring treatment of cancers, particularly in Hodgkin lymphoma, [5] non-Hodgkin lymphoma, [6] and lung cancer. [7] [8] [9] You won’t be able to eat or drink for a few hours before the scan. A nurse will give you a drink or injection of a dye that makes the scan pictures clearer. If you are having a rectal scan, you may have a similar liquid passed into your rectum through a tube. Once you are in position you will need to keep as still as possible.

Clinical Applications of PET and PET-CT - PMC Clinical Applications of PET and PET-CT - PMC

PET Scans After Cancer Treatment | Choosing Wisely". www.choosingwisely.org. June 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2019.Any exposure to radiation carries a very small risk of potential tissue damage that could cause cancer at a later date. Vardi Y, Shepp LA, Kaufman L (1985). "A statistical model for positron emission tomography". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 80 (389): 8–37. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1985.10477119. S2CID 17836207.